Kunoichi is a Japanese term for "female" . In popular culture, it is often used for female ninja or practitioners of ninjutsu . The term was largely popularized by novelist Futaro Yamada in his novel Ninpō Hakkenden in 1964. Although kunoichi have appeared in numerous creative works, including novels, TV dramas, movies, and manga, Mie University historians have concluded that there are no historical records of female ninja performing reconnaissance and subversive activities in the same manner as their male counterparts. However, the late 17th century ninja handbook Bansenshūkai describes a technique called "the ninjutsu of a kunoichi" , in which a woman is used for infiltration and information-gathering, which Seiko Fujita considered evidence of female ninja activity.